Which statement matches the idea that self-care deficits require nursing action?

• A. Orem
• B. Nightingale
• C. Peplau
• D. Kolcaba

Answer: (A)

Self-care and deficits triggering nursing action are central here. When a person cannot perform self-care activities needed to maintain health, nursing action is required to help meet those needs. This is the essence of Orem's Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory: people have the capacity for self-care, but deficits arise, and nurses provide compensatory or supportive-educative actions to help the person regain or maintain self-care. The nurse’s role adapts to the level of deficit—from wholly compensatory to supportive-educative. Nightingale, Peplau, and Kolcaba emphasize other elements—environmental factors, interpersonal relationships, and comfort—rather than a deficit-driven nursing action.