Which term describes changes in breathing when sitting or standing?

• A. Orthopnea
• B. Tachypnea
• C. Bradypnea
• D. Apnea

Answer: (A)

Positional changes in breathing reflect a pattern where symptoms ease or worsen with posture. This is orthopnea: breathlessness that is relieved by sitting up or standing and tends to worsen when lying flat. The upright position helps by reducing venous return and allowing the diaphragm to move more effectively, which lowers pulmonary congestion and improves airway mechanics. The other breathing patterns—rapid breathing regardless of position, slow breathing, or temporary cessation—aren’t defined by how posture affects breathing, so they don’t fit this scenario as well.